Un nuevo coronavirus, una nueva enfermedad: COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24265/horizmed.2020.v20n2.11Palabras clave:
Infecciones por coronavirus, Virus del SRAS, PandemiaResumen
La nueva pandemia de COVID-19 causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2 desafía actualmente a la humanidad. Este virus originario de murciélagos ha sido transmitido a humanos, probablemente, a través del pangolín en el mercado marino de Wuhan (China) a fines del 2019. Se disemina por gotitas de saliva o a través de materiales contaminados, por lo que es sumamente importante aislar a las personas infectadas que pueden ser sintomáticas o asintomáticas. El cuadro clínico típico se caracteriza por fiebre, tos seca, dificultad respiratoria y malestar general. Este integrante de la familia de los coronavirus tiene mayor capacidad infectiva que sus predecesores, pero una menor mortalidad (2-3 %). Las pruebas de laboratorio para detectar la presencia del virus se basan en la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa (RT-PCR, por su sigla en inglés) o en inmunoensayos.
Descargas
Citas
Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol. 2020; 92(4): 424-32.
Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, De Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, et al. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020; 5: 536-44.
Organization World Health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report. Genova: WHO; 2020.
Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, Zhang J, Li YY, Qu J, et al. SARS-CoV-2: Infection in Children. N Engl J Med. 2020.
Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10226): 809-15.
Wang S, Guo L, Chen L, Liu W, Cao Y, Zhang J, et al. A case report of neonatal COVID-19 infection in China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020.
Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10224): 565-74.
Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 2020.
Zhang W, Li X, Chen J, Shi J, Duan G, Chen X, et al. A furin cleavage site was discovered in the S protein of the 2019 novel coronavirus. Virology. 2020; 18: 2.
Yan R, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xia L, Guo Y, Zhou Q. Structural basis for the recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science. 2020.
Jaimes JA, André NM, Millet JK, Whittaker GR. Structural modeling of 2019-novel coronavirus (nCoV) spike protein reveals a proteolytically-sensitive activation loop as a distinguishing feature compared to SARS-CoV and related SARS-like coronaviruses. bioRxiv. 2020.
Corman VM, Muth D, Niemeyer D, Drosten C. Chapter Eight - Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses. In: Kielian M, Mettenleiter TC, Roossinck MJ, editors. Advances in Virus Research; 2018. p. 163-88.
Ge X-Y, Li J-L, Yang X-L, Chmura AA, Zhu G, Epstein JH, et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2013; 503(7477): 535-8.
Zaki AM, Van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Isolation of a Novel Coronavirus from a Man with Pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367(19): 1814-20.
Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020; 579(7798): 270-3.
Organization World Health. Novel Coronavirus - China Genova. WHO; 2020.
Organization World Health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report. Genova: WHO; 2020.
Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020.
Chan JF-W, Yuan S, Kok K-H, To KK-W, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 514-23.
Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, et al. Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(10): 970-1.
Li R, Pei S, Chen B, Song Y, Zhang T, Yang W, et al. Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). Science. 2020.
Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(12): 1177-9.
Pan Y, Zhang D, Yang P, Poon LLM, Wang Q. Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20: 30113-4.
Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, et al. First case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(10): 929-36.
Thevarajan I, Nguyen THO, Koutsakos M, Druce J, Caly L, Van de Sandt CE, et al. Breadth of concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: a case report of non-severe COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020.
Van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris D, Holbrook M, Gamble A, Williamson B, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of HCoV-19 (SARSCoV-2) compared to SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020.
Guan W-J, Ni Z-Y, Hu Y, Liang W-h, Ou C-q, He J-x, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020.
Du W, Yu J, Wang H, Zhang X, Zhang S, Li Q, et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children compared with adults in Shandong, China. Res Square. 2020.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) - United States, February 12-March 16, 2020. United States: CDC; 2020.
Yang R, Gui X, Xiong Y. Patients with respiratory symptoms are at greater risk of COVID-19 transmission. Lancet Respir Med. 2020.
Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia Ja, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020.
Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection?. Lancet Respir Med. 2020.
Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020.
Liu Y, Bi L, Chen Y, Wang Y, Fleming J, Yu Y, et al. Active or latent tuberculosis increases susceptibility to COVID-19 and disease severity. N Engl J Med. 2020.
Du W, Yu J, Wang H, Zhang X, Zhang S, Li Q, et al. Clinical characteristics of covid-19 in children compared with adults outside of hubei province in China. 2020.
Pan L, Mu M, Ren HG, Yang P, Sun Y, Wang R, et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, China: a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study. American J Gastroenterol. 2020.
Lippi G, Henry BM. Active smoking is not associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. 2020.
Huang P, Liu T, Huang L, Liu H, Lei M, Xu W, et al. Use of chest ct in combination with negative RT-PCR assay for the 2019 novel coronavirus but high clinical suspicion. Radiol. 2020; 295(1): 22-3.
Jin Y-H, Cai L, Cheng Z-S, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan Y-P, et al. A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Mil Med Res. 2020; 7(1): 4.
Kim JY, Ko JH, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Kim JM, Chung YS, et al. Viral load kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in first two patients in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2020; 35(7): e86.
Newton AH, Cardani A, Braciale TJ. The host immune response in respiratory virus infection: balancing virus clearance and immunopathology. Springer Semin Inmunopathol. 2016; 38(4): 471-82.
Sheridan C. Fast, portable tests come online to curb coronavirus pandemic. Nat Biotechnol. 2020.
Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, et al. A trial of lopinavir–ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020.
Zhou D, Dai S-M, Tong Q. COVID-19: a recommendation to examine the effect of hydroxychloroquine in preventing infection and progression. J Antimicrobial Chemo. 2020.
Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020; 30(3): 269-71.
Gautret P, Lagier J-C, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Mailhe M, et al. 2. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020: 105949.
Colson P, Rolain J-M, Lagier J-C, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020: 105932.
Rosa SGV, Santos WC. Clinical trials on drug repositioning for COVID-19 treatment. Pan Am J Public Health. 2020.
Jingyi X, Eunice YCS, Huizhi G, Jessica YW, Min WF, Sukhyun R, et al. Nonpharmaceutical measures for pandemic influenza in nonhealthcare settings-Personal protective and environmental measures. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020; 26(5).
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2020 Carlos Guillermo Quiroz Carrillo, Arturo Pareja Cruz, Edward Valencia Ayala, Yanina Pastora Enriquez Valencia, Joel De Leon Delgado, Priscilia Aguilar Ramirez
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
El contenido de la Revista Horizonte Médico (Lima) (Horiz. Med.) es de libre acceso, de manera gratuita, con el fin de divulgar los trabajos y experiencias desarrolladas en el área biomédica y de salud pública realizados a nivel nacional e internacional, promoviendo la investigación en los diferentes campos de la medicina humana.
La Revista Horizonte Médico (Lima) mantiene los derechos de autoría, distribución y reproducción de los artículos publicados.
Todos los artículos aceptados y publicados en la Revista Horizonte Médico se distribuyen gratuitamente bajo los términos de la licencia Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
