Tanatomicrobioma e Inteligencia Artificial: la Microbiología Forense de Hoy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24265/horizmed.2025.v25n3.15Palabras clave:
Microbiología Forense , Cambios Post Mortem , Inteligencia Artificial , Aprendizaje Profundo, CadáverResumen
La microbiología forense permite, entre otras aplicaciones, la estimación del intervalo post mortem (PMI), la identificación de individuos y la localización de escenas del crimen mediante el análisis de microbiomas y la geolocalización de restos biológicos. La inteligencia artificial (IA), junto con las nuevas técnicas de secuenciación, ha revolucionado este campo, mejorando significativamente la precisión y la rapidez de los análisis forenses. En la presente investigación se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática, siguiendo las directrices PRISMA. Se consultaron bases de datos como PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y Google Scholar, utilizando palabras clave relacionadas con microbiología forense, IA y PMI. Se aplicaron criterios de inclusión, como la publicación de los estudios en inglés o español y sin restricción temporal, y de exclusión, como duplicidad de publicaciones o estudios que no abordaban el análisis del tanatomicrobioma mediante herramientas de IA. Tras el proceso de búsqueda y selección, se analizaron 20 artículos publicados entre 2016 y 2024. Los hallazgos revelan que algunos modelos de aprendizaje automático, como Random Forest (RF) y las Redes Neuronales Convolucionales (CNN), permiten estimaciones relativamente precisas del PMI. Los estudios recientes enfocados en el tanatomicrobioma se perfilan como una herramienta prometedora en el ámbito forense, debido a que este microbioma es único e individualizante, lo que lo convierte en un recurso útil en las distintas etapas de la identificación humana y en los procesos de geolocalización dentro de investigaciones criminales. Sin embargo, se resalta la necesidad de realizar estudios con un mayor número de muestras y de explorar la participación de otros microorganismos, además de las bacterias, con el fin de ampliar y enriquecer el panorama de investigación en esta área emergente.
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