Microbiota y sepsis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24265/horizmed.2022.v22n2.13Palabras clave:
Sepsis, Microbioma intestinal, Probióticos, Trasplante de microbiota fecalResumen
La sepsis es la respuesta desordenada del organismo a la infección y se caracteriza por un daño a los órganos que puede ser irreversible y mortal. El microbioma intestinal regula a un grupo de mecanismos homeostáticos en el huésped, como la función inmunológica y la protección de la barrera intestinal, la pérdida de la estructura y la función microbiana intestinal normal; además, se ha asociado con el inicio de enfermedades de características diversas. La evidencia reciente ha demostrado un nexo entre el microbioma intestinal y la sepsis: la alteración del microbioma intestinal aumenta la susceptibilidad a la sepsis a través de varios mecanismos como la expansión de bacterias intestinales patógenas, la respuesta proinflamatoria marcada y la disminución de la formación de productos microbianos beneficiosos como los ácidos grasos de cadena corta. Una vez establecida la sepsis, la alteración del microbioma intestinal empeora y aumenta la susceptibilidad a la disfunción del órgano terminal. Existen pruebas limitadas de que las terapias basadas en microbiomas (que incluyen a probióticos y a la descontaminación digestiva selectiva) pueden disminuir el riesgo de sepsis y mejorar sus resultados en poblaciones de pacientes seleccionadas, pero las preocupaciones sobre la seguridad causan una aceptación limitada. Si bien gran parte de la evidencia que vincula el microbioma intestinal y la sepsis se ha establecido en estudios preclínicos, aún es necesaria la evidencia clínica en distintas áreas.
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Derechos de autor 2022 Pablo Andrés Vélez, Fernanda López, Mario Montalvo, Santiago Aguayo, Gustavo Velarde, Fernando E. Jara, Pedro Torres, Daniel Torres, Jorge Luis Vélez
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