Inmunología del cáncer I: bases moleculares y celulares de la respuesta inmune antitumoral
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24265/horizmed.2018.v18n3.11Palabras clave:
Sistema inmunológico, Procesos del sistema inmunológico, Inmunovigilancia, CáncerResumen
Significativos recursos materiales, financieros y humanos se dedican a la investigación de la biología del cáncer. La validación de biomarcadores, el desarrollo de novedosos métodos para el diagnóstico y la terapia, la implementación de programas de pesquisa a nivel poblacional y la promoción de estilos de vida saludables han impactado positivamente en la prevención y control de este grupo de enfermedades. Sin embargo, el cáncer sigue siendo un problema de salud mundial, entre otros factores, por la compleja relación que se establece entre el sistema inmune del hospedero y las células neoplásicas. Está demostrado que los mecanismos efectores que posee el sistema inmune permiten detectar y eliminar las células transformadas. Sin embargo, estos mismos mecanismos promueven la evolución somática de los tumores, al seleccionar variantes celulares resistentes a la acción de la inmunidad. Esta interacción ocurre fundamentalmente en el microambiente tumoral y ha sido conceptualizada como inmunoedición tumoral. Lo anterior sustenta la racionalidad de la inmunoterapia, la que buscar reforzar la inmunidad antitumoral, a la vez que bloquea los mecanismos de evasión a la inmunovigilancia. Con este trabajo de revisión iniciamos una serie de tres artículos que, en este orden, recorrerán las bases moleculares y celulares de la respuesta inmune antitumoral, presentarán los fundamentos de la biología tumoral y, finalmente, abordarán las implicaciones de la compleja relación entre el sistema inmune y las neoplasias para la inmunoterapia en cáncer.
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Derechos de autor 2018 Joel de León, Arturo Pareja
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