Riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes recuperados de COVID-19 a corto y mediano plazo: ¿qué concluye la evidencia actual?

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24265/horizmed.2023.v23n1.14

Palabras clave:

infecciones por coronavirus, grupos de riesgo, factores de riesgo, enfermedades cardiovasculares, literatura de revisión como asunto

Resumen

El riesgo y enfermedades cardiovasculares en pacientes recuperados de COVID-19 es un campo de análisis reciente en la literatura médica mundial y de vital importancia, porque existe una gran cantidad de pacientes con complicaciones una vez terminada la fase aguda de la enfermedad. El gran espectro del daño al miocardio en esta enfermedad puede variar desde una elevación asintomática de los niveles de troponinas cardíacas, hasta la aparición de una miocarditis fulminante y/o shock circulatorio, lo que puede dejar secuelas significativas. A pesar de que no existe una estrategia clara para abordar los eventos cardíacos que aparecen durante la COVID-19, y teniendo en cuenta que el manejo se hace principalmente para controlar los síntomas del paciente a medida que surgen, el objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer y recopilar la evidencia actual en esta temática, de tal manera que se pueda ofrecer al lector una guía de consulta en español que contribuya al desarrollo de su profesión sanitaria. La metodología utilizada fue una búsqueda de literatura en bases de datos como Medline, Scopus, Science Direct, con una ventana de tiempo entre 2019 y 2022. Los principales resultados revelaron que dentro de los mecanismos moleculares y fisiopatológicos implicados en este síndrome pos-COVID, se encuentra la afectación del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, al estar ligado el tropismo del SARS-Cov-2 a la enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2. Esto ocasiona una alteración de la respuesta neuro-humoral del sistema cardiovascular, renal y digestivo, lo que genera déficit en las vías de señalización y ocasiona lesión directa sobre corazón, pulmones y otros órganos. El síndrome pos-COVID-19, en general, se define como la aparición o persistencia de los síntomas posteriores a 3 o 4 semanas de aparecida la fase aguda de la enfermedad. Entonces, esta podría considerarse como una ventana de tiempo de riesgo y seguimiento estricto, para valorar de forma personalizada el riesgo entre los distintos grupos de pacientes, sobre todo de aquellos con antecedentes personales de enfermedad cardiovascular. Los principales resultados revelaron la presencia de trastornos como la insuficiencia cardiaca, las arritmias, la pericarditis y la miocarditis, que requieren de detección precoz y que se presentan días e incluso semanas posteriores a la fase aguda de la COVID-19.

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Publicado

2023-03-03

Cómo citar

1.
Picón Jaimes YA, Garcia Lovelo GJ, Ellis Fritz JV, Castro Castro AL, Villa Navarro JM, Soto Bossa DA, Rojas Ortega SD, Álvarez Saa T, Ortega Sierra MG. Riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes recuperados de COVID-19 a corto y mediano plazo: ¿qué concluye la evidencia actual?. Horiz Med [Internet]. 3 de marzo de 2023 [citado 19 de junio de 2025];23(1):e2125. Disponible en: https://www.horizontemedico.usmp.edu.pe/index.php/horizontemed/article/view/2125

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