Riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes recuperados de COVID-19 a corto y mediano plazo: ¿qué concluye la evidencia actual?

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24265/horizmed.2023.v23n1.14

Palabras clave:

Infecciones por Coronavirus , Grupos de Riesgo, Factores de Riesgo, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Literatura de Revisión como Asunto

Resumen

El riesgo y enfermedades cardiovasculares en pacientes recuperados de COVID-19 es un campo de análisis reciente en la literatura médica mundial y de vital importancia, porque existe una gran cantidad de pacientes con complicaciones una vez terminada la fase aguda de la enfermedad. El gran espectro del daño al miocardio en esta enfermedad puede
variar desde una elevación asintomática de los niveles de troponinas cardíacas, hasta la aparición de una miocarditis fulminante y/o shock circulatorio, lo que puede dejar secuelas significativas. A pesar de que no existe una estrategia clara para abordar los eventos cardíacos que aparecen durante la COVID-19, y teniendo en cuenta que el manejo se hace
principalmente para controlar los síntomas del paciente a medida que surgen, el objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer y recopilar la evidencia actual en esta temática, de tal manera que se pueda ofrecer al lector una guía de consulta en español que contribuya al desarrollo de su profesión sanitaria. La metodología utilizada fue una búsqueda de literatura en bases de datos como Medline, Scopus, Science Direct, con una ventana de tiempo entre 2019 y 2022. Los principales
resultados revelaron que dentro de los mecanismos moleculares y fisiopatológicos implicados en este síndrome pos-COVID, se encuentra la afectación del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, al estar ligado el tropismo del SARS-Cov-2 a la enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2. Esto ocasiona una alteración de la respuesta neuro-humoral del sistema cardiovascular, renal y digestivo, lo que genera déficit en las vías de señalización y ocasiona lesión directa sobre
corazón, pulmones y otros órganos. El síndrome pos-COVID-19, en general, se define como la aparición o persistencia de los síntomas posteriores a 3 o 4 semanas de aparecida la fase aguda de la enfermedad. Entonces, esta podría considerarse como una ventana de tiempo de riesgo y seguimiento estricto, para valorar de forma personalizada el riesgo entre los distintos grupos de pacientes, sobre todo de aquellos con antecedentes personales de enfermedad cardiovascular. Los principales resultados revelaron la presencia de trastornos como la insuficiencia cardiaca, las arritmias, la pericarditis y la miocarditis, que requieren de detección precoz y que se presentan días e incluso semanas posteriores a la fase aguda
de la COVID-19.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Pires SM, Wyper GMA, Wengler A, Peñalvo JL, Haneef R, Moran D, et

al. Burden of Disease of COVID-19: Strengthening the Collaboration for

National Studies. Front Public Health. 2022;10:907012.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cases, Data, and Surveillance

[Internet]. Atlanta:CDC; 2020. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/

coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/burden.html

Gebru AA, Birhanu T, Wendimu E, Ayalew AF, Mulat S, Abasimel HZ, et

al. Global burden of COVID-19: Situational analyis and review. Hum

Antibodies. 2021;29(2):139-48.

Bansal M. Cardiovascular disease and COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr.

;14(3):247-50.

Petersen SE, Friedrich MG, Leiner T, Elias MD, Ferreira VM, Fenski M, et

al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance for patients with COVID-19. JACC

Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;15(4):685-99.

Hassine IH. Covid-19 vaccines and variants of concern: A review. Rev Med

Virol. 2022;32(4):e2313.

Tajbakhsh A, Gheibi SM, Taghizadeh H, Akbari A, Inabadi M, Savardashtaki

A, et al. COVID-19 and cardiac injury: clinical manifestations,

biomarkers, mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment, and follow up. Expert

Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2021;19(3):345-57.

Ma L, Song K, Huang Y. Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19)

and Cardiovascular Complications. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth.

;35(6):1860-5.

Su S, Chen R, Zhang S, Shu H, Luo J. Immune system changes in those

with hypertension when infected with SARS-CoV-2. Cell Immunol.

;378:104562.

Choi M, Aiello EA, Ennis IL, Villa-Abrille MC. El SRAA y el SARS-CoV-2: el

acertijo a resolver. Hipertens Riesgo Vasc. 2020;37(4):169-75.

Mavraganis G, Dimopoulou M, Delialis D, Bampatsias D, Patras R,

Sianis A, et al. Clinical implications of vascular dysfunction in acute

and convalescent COVID-19: A systematic review. Eur J Clin Invest.

;52(11):e13859.

Navarro-Ulloa OD, Picón-Jaimes YA, Conde-Cardona G, Fernández-

Yépez LJ, Zabala-Carballo CI, López-García J, et al. Usefulness of 24-

hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in a population with high

cardiovascular risk. Cir Cir. 2020;88(5):617-23.

LaVergne SM, Stromberg S, Baxter BA, Webb TL, Dutt TS, Berry K, et al.

A longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 biorepository for COVID-19 survivors with and

without post-acute sequelae. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):677.

Bolano-Romero MP, Sanchez-Erazo SD, Paez-Rincon LA, Charry-Borrero

DA. Post COVID-19 cardiovascular syndrome: An entity that cannot go

unnoticed in the post-COVID era. Arch de Medi. 2022;18(1):1-2.

Rueda-Ibarra L, Manríque-Gualdron AM, Bayona-Gamboa AJ, Acuña-

Ocampo JD, Picón-Jaimes YA, Lozada-Martinez ID, et al. Acute coronary

syndromes following COVID-19 vaccine application: Kounis syndrome or

chance? Ann Med Surg. 2022;80:104188.

Liu F, Liu F, Wang L. COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases. J Mol Cell

Biol. 2020;13(3):161-7.

Proal AD, VanElzakker MB. Long COVID or Post-acute Sequelae of

COVID-19 (PASC): An Overview of biological factors that may contribute

to persistent symptoms. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:698169.

Stafie CS, Solomon SM, Sufaru IG, Manaila M, Stafie II, Melinte G, et al.

Pathogenic connections in post-COVID conditions: What do we know in

the large unknown? A Narrative Review. Viruses. 2022;14(8):1686.

De Arriba A, Alonso JL, Espiñeira A, Cabeza A, Gutiérrez A, Díaz MA, et

al. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection according to previous metabolic

status and its association with mortality and post-acute COVID-19.

Nutrients. 2022;14(14):2925.

Davoudi F, Miyashita S, Yoo TK, Lee PT, Foster GP. An Insight Into

Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, and Management of Cardiovascular

Complications of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Post-acute COVID Syndrome, and

COVID Vaccine. Crit Pathw Cardiol. 2022;21(3):123-9.

Ahamed J, Laurence J. Long COVID endotheliopathy: hypothesized

mechanisms and potential therapeutic approaches. J Clin Invest.

;132(15):e161167.

Timpau A, Miftode R, Leca D, Timpau R, Miftode I, Petris AO, et al. A

Real Pandora’s Box in Pandemic Times: A Narrative Review on the Acute

Cardiac Injury Due to COVID-19. Life (Basel). 2022;12(7):1085.

Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, Al-Aly Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of

COVID-19. Nat Med. 2022;28(3):583-90.

Sisti N, Valente S, Mandoli GE, Santoro C, Sciaccaluga C, Franchi F, et al.

COVID-19 in patients with heart failure: the new and the old epidemic.

Postgrad Med J. 2021;97(1145):175-9.

Wang W, Wang C, Wang S, Wei JC. Long-term cardiovascular

outcomes in COVID-19 survivors among non-vaccinated population: A

retrospective cohort study from the TriNetX US collaborative networks.

EClinicalMedicine. 2022;53:101619.

Samidurai A, Das A. Cardiovascular Complications Associated with

COVID-19 and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci.

;21(18):6790.

Liu PP, Blet A, Smyth D, Li H. The Science Underlying COVID-19:

Implications for the Cardiovascular System. Circulation.

;142(1):68-78.

Wu L, O’Kane AM, Peng H, Bi Y, Motriuk-Smith D, Ren J. SARS-CoV-2

and cardiovascular complications: From molecular mechanisms to

pharmaceutical management. Biochem Pharmacol. 2020;178:114114.

Du Y, Tu L, Zhu P, Mu M, Wang R, Yang P, et al. Clinical Features of 85

Fatal Cases of COVID-19 from Wuhan. A Retrospective Observational

Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(11):1372-9.

Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics

of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected

Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-9.

Bourgonje AR, Abdulle AE, Timens W, Hillebrands J, Navis GJ, Gordijn SJ, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and

the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Pathol.

;251(3):228-48.

Wiemken TL, McGrath LJ, Andersen KM, Khan F, Malhotra D, Alfred

T, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Severity and Risk of Subsequent

Cardiovascular Events. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;76(3):e42-e50.

Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, Arbous MS, Gommers DAMPJ,

Kant KM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU

patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020;191:145-7.

Fox SE, Akmatbekov A, Harbert JL, Li G, Quincy J, Vander RS. Pulmonary

and cardiac pathology in African American patients with COVID-19: an

autopsy series from New Orleans. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(7):681-6.

Escher R, Breakey N, Lämmle B. Severe COVID-19 infection associated

with endothelial activation. Thromb Res. 2020;190:62.

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of

patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet.

;395(10223):497-506.

Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, Cao Y, Huang D, Wang H, et al. Clinical and

immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease

J Clin Invest. 2020;130(5):2620-9.

Tavazzi G, Pellegrini C, Maurelli M, Belliato M, Sciutti F, Bottazzi A, et

al. Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock.

Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(5):911-5.

Blaess M, Kaiser L, Sauer M, Csuk R, Deigner H. COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2

Infection: Lysosomes and Lysosomotropism Implicate New Treatment

Strategies and Personal Risks. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(14):4953.

Cheng H, Wang Y, Wang G. Organ-protective effect of angiotensin-

converting enzyme 2 and its effect on the prognosis of COVID-19. J Med

Virol. 2020;92(7):726-30.

Lindner D, Fitzek A, Bräuninger H, Aleshcheva G, Edler C, Meissner K,

et al. Association of Cardiac Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in Confirmed

COVID-19 Autopsy Cases. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(11):1281-5.

Gasecka A, Pruc M, Kukula K, Gilis-Malinowska N, Filipiak KJ, Jaguszewski

MJ, et al. Post-COVID-19 heart syndrome. Cardiol J. 2021;28(2):353-4.

Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, Fahim M, Arendt C, Hoffmann J, et

al. Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients

Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA

Cardiol. 2020;5(11):1265-73.

Lozada-Martinez ID, Pava-Barrios GA, Yoli-Garrido A, Leal-Buitrago A,

Rodriguez-Medina N. Post-COVID-19 cardiovascular syndrome: What

does the evidence tell us? J Pract Cardiovasc Sci. 2022;8:65-7.

Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X, et al. 6-month consequences

of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet.

;397(10270):220-32.

Dixit NM, Churchill A, Nsair A, Hsu JJ. Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome

and the cardiovascular system: What is known? Am Heart J Plus.

;5:100025.

Mandal S, Barnett J, Brill SE, Brown JS, Denneny EK, Hare SS, et al.

‘Long-COVID’: a cross-sectional study of persisting symptoms, biomarker

and imaging abnormalities following hospitalisation for COVID-19.

Thorax. 2021;76(4):396-8.

Knight DS, Kotecha T, Razvi Y, Chacko L, Brown JT, Jeetley PS,

et al. COVID-19: Myocardial Injury in Survivors. Circulation.

;142(11):1120-2.

Fu H, Zhang N, Zheng Y, Jiang N, Xu H, Xu R, et al. Risk stratification

of cardiac sequelae detected using cardiac magnetic resonance in

late convalescence at the six-month follow-up of recovered COVID-19

patients. J Infect. 2021;83(1):119-45.

Clark DE, Parikh A, Dendy JM, Diamond AB, George-Durrett K, Fish FA, et

al. COVID-19 Myocardial Pathology Evaluation in Athletes With Cardiac

Magnetic Resonance (COMPETE CMR). Circulation. 2021;143(6):609-12.

Bryarly M, Phillips LT, Fu Q, Vernino S, Levine BD. Postural Orthostatic

Tachycardia Syndrome: JACC Focus Seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol.

;73(10):1207-28.

Goldstein DS. The possible association between COVID-19 and postural

tachycardia syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2021;18(4):508-9.

Al-Aly Z, Xie Y, Bowe B. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute

sequelae of COVID-19. Nature. 2021;594(7862):259-64.

Angeli F, Spanevello A, De Ponti R, Visca D, Marazzato J, Palmiotto G, et

al. Electrocardiographic features of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.

Eur J Intern Med. 2020;78:101-6.

Kotecha T, Knight DS, Razvi Y, Kumar K, Vimalesvaran K, Thornton G,

et al. Patterns of myocardial injury in recovered troponin-positive

COVID-19 patients assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Eur

Heart J. 2021;42(19):1866-78.

Moulson N, Petek BJ, Drezner JA, Harmon KG, Kliethermes SA, Patel MR,

et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cardiac Involvement in Young Competitive Athletes.

Circulation. 2021;144(4):256-66.

Wang TJ, Chau B, Lui M, Lam G, Lin N, Humbert S. Physical Medicine and

Rehabilitation and Pulmonary Rehabilitation for COVID-19. Am J Phys

Med Rehabil. 2020;99(9):769-74.

Yong SJ. Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative

pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments. Infect Dis (Lond).

;53(10):737-54.

Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A’Court C, Buxton M, Husain L. Management of

post-acute COVID-19 in primary care. BMJ. 2020;370:m3026.

Lozada-Martinez ID, Suarez-Causado A, Solana-Tinoco JB. Ethnicity,

genetic variants, risk factors and cholelithiasis: The need for eco-

epidemiological studies and genomic analysis in Latin American surgery.

Int J Surg. 2022;99:106589.

Rodríguez-Hernández YA, Villamizar-Gómez FJ, Mantilla-Pardo JC,

Robledo-Arias JS, Rahman S, Lozada-Martinez ID, et al. Post-COVID 19

neurological syndrome: The need to define a cut-off score between the

acute and post-COVID 19 phases. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2021;71:102983.

Lozada-Martínez ID, Díaz-Castillo OJ, Pearson-Arrieta AC, Galeano-

Buelvas A, Moscote-Salazar LR. Post-COVID 19 neurological syndrome: A

new risk factor that modifies the prognosis of patients with dementia.

Alzheimers Dement. 2022;18(3):542-3.

##submission.downloads##

Publicado

2023-03-03

Cómo citar

1.
Picón Jaimes YA, Garcia Lovelo GJ, Ellis Fritz JV, Castro Castro AL, Villa Navarro JM, Soto Bossa DA, Rojas Ortega SD, Álvarez Saa T, Ortega Sierra MG. Riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes recuperados de COVID-19 a corto y mediano plazo: ¿qué concluye la evidencia actual?. Horiz Med [Internet]. 3 de marzo de 2023 [citado 24 de septiembre de 2023];23(1):e2125. Disponible en: https://www.horizontemedico.usmp.edu.pe/index.php/horizontemed/article/view/2125

Número

Sección

Artículos de revisión

Artículos más leídos del mismo autor/a