Agranulocitosis inducida por clozapina

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24265/horizmed.2020.v20n1.10

Palabras clave:

Clozapina, Antipsicóticos, Agranulocitosis, Neutropenia, Farmacovigilancia

Resumen

Clozapina, actualmente, sigue siendo el gold standard para la esquizofrenia resistente al tratamiento, pero solo bajo un adecuado monitoreo hematológico, porque está asociado a agranulocitosis. Clozapina se metaboliza produciendo N-desmetilclozapina (farmacológicamente activa), el N-óxido de clozapina (inactivo) y especies reactivas de oxígeno (ion nitrenio). El recuento de neutrófilos <1000 células/mm3 corresponde a un estado de neutropenia. La agranulocitosis es un estado grave de neutropenia con un recuento absoluto de neutrófilos <500 células/mm3. Clozapina se asocia con la agranulocitosis en aproximadamente el 0,8 % de los pacientes, y el riesgo aumenta con la edad y en mujeres. Existen dos mecanismos que explican la agranulocitosis inducida por clozapina: inmunológico (respuesta mediada por el sistema inmunitario contra neutrófilos haptenizados) y tóxico (por acción de los metabolitos N-desmetilclozapina y ion nitrenio). La farmacogenética es una herramienta valiosa para conseguir la referida medicina personalizada, al adaptar e individualizar el tratamiento basado en los marcadores genéticos de cada paciente. Numerosos estudios han demostrado una asociación potencial de la agranulocitosis inducida por clozapina con ciertos haplotipos HLA (HLA-B38, DR4, DQw3, DQB1). Luego que un paciente ha presentado agranulocitosis, se conocen tres mecanismos de reexposición a clozapina: simple, con litio y con factores estimuladores de colonias de granulocitos. Debido al riesgo de agranulocitosis, las formulaciones de clozapina están disponibles solo a través de una distribución controlada, con un registro detallado de los pacientes y con una farmacovigilancia sistematizada y obligatoria.

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Citas

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Publicado

2020-03-26

Cómo citar

1.
Luque Espino JC, Oscanoa Espinoza TJ. Agranulocitosis inducida por clozapina. Horiz Med [Internet]. 26 de marzo de 2020 [citado 28 de marzo de 2024];20(1):69-76. Disponible en: https://www.horizontemedico.usmp.edu.pe/index.php/horizontemed/article/view/1197

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